Fig. 4: Comparison of head motion during locomotion and passive conditions.
a Average head position was similar in the three conditions (mean ± 1 STD, ANOVA, F(2,26) = 1.9, p = 0.17). b The spectral power of rotational pitch velocity was comparable during passively applied stimulation and walking, but higher during running (left panel). Similarly, the mean spectral power of net acceleration was greater during running than during passively applied pitch and walking (right panel) which did not differ from each other. Shaded area represent ± 1 STD. c Comparison of probability distributions of motion amplitude across conditions. The shaded green areas represent ± 1.5 STD of movement amplitudes generated by passive stimulation. For the passive pitch, walking, and running conditions, 3%, 2 and 4% of the rotational velocity values were outside of this range, respectively. In contrast, the probability of linear acceleration reaching values beyond ±1.5 SD of the walking-matched passive condition (shaded green area) was more than two times greater during running compared to the walking and passive conditions (15% versus 5 and 3%, respectively)—corresponding to significantly higher kurtosis and standard deviation values in this condition (all p-values < 0.03). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
