Fig. 1: Characterization of the np-ANF membrane.

A Schematic configuration of a Li–S cell with a np-ANF membrane between the sulfur cathode and the lithium anode. B, C Photographs of an np-ANF membrane. D Thermogravimetric analysis curves for np-ANF membrane and CelgardTM 2400. E, F SEM images of the tip of lithium dendrite. G Stress–strain curves for np-ANF and CelgardTM 2400.