Fig. 3: Computational analysis on transport of charged ion species through a single nanochannel.

A Electrostatic boundary condition including potential set for cathode (ground at S@C, conventional sulfur in carbon) and anode (2 V at Li, Lithium metal), and surface charged density (σ) on ANF wall. B Boundary condition for ion transport module for LPS anion and Li cation. The concentration map and streamline change (from t = 0 to t = 1 μs) of Li cation (C) and LPS anion (D) with (i) and without (ii) surface charge density on boundary of np-ANF separator.