Table 2 GVC participation and emission intensity.

From: Regional trade agreement burdens global carbon emissions mitigation

Emission intensity

Emission intensity

Independent variable

Independent variable

Forward

0.04 (0.07)

Backward

−0.03 (0.02)

Forward*dr

−0.07 (0.07)

Backward *dr

0.09 (0.08)

Forward (−1)

0.06 (0.05)

Backward (−1)

−0.08 (0.05)

Forward (−1)*dr

−0.11**(0.06)

Backward (−1)*dr

0.07 (0.05)

Forward (−3)

0.12* (0.03)

Backward (−3)

−0.11* (0.07)

Forward (−3)*dr

−0.19***(0.04)

Backward (−3)*dr

0.06* (0.03)

Forward (−5)

0.04* (0.02)

Backward (−5)

−0.16* (0.12)

Forward (−5)*dr

−0.12** (0.03)

Backward (−5)*dr

0.05** (0.02)

Forward (−7)

0.01 (0.04)

Backward (−7)

−0.21***(0.10)

Forward (−7)*dr

−0.09** (0.04)

Backward (−7)*dr

0.10** (0.04)

Forward (−9)

0.02 (0.03)

Backward (−9)

−0.28***(0.13)

Forward (−9)*dr

−0.13** (0.03)

Backward (−9)*dr

0.15** (0.08)

Country–industry fixed effect

Yes

Country–industry fixed effect

Yes

Country–year fixed effect

Yes

Country–year fixed effect

Yes

Industry–year fixed effect

Yes

Industry–year fixed effect

Yes

  1. Note: ***P < 0.01.
  2. **P < 0.05.
  3. *P < 0.1.
  4. Standard errors are reported in parentheses.
  5. The variables “forward” and “backward” refer to as “forward participation” and “backward participation”, respectively (Supplementary Note 2). Variables of GVC participation and emission intensity are in natural logarithms. The adjusted R2 for all regressions is larger than 0.65. The sample covers 36 sectors for 64 economies over 11 years (2005–2015). dr denotes the development stage. Developed countries (dr = 1) refer to as high-income economies and developing countries (dr = 0) refer to as middle- and low-income economies, which are classified according to World Bank’s income classification in 2005. The notations (-1), (-3), and the rest denote a lag of 1-year, 3-year, etc.
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