Fig. 4: Poleward ocean heat transport through the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean gateways in fall.
From: Recent upper Arctic Ocean warming expedited by summertime atmospheric processes
a SON poleward ocean heat transport (POHT; unit: TW, 1TW = 1012 W) within upper 50 m through the Atlantic Ocean gateway (blue line) and Pacific Ocean gateway (red line), and SON domain-average upper (0–50 m average) ocean temperature (°C, black line) using the ORAS5 reanalysis for the period 1979–2018. The Atlantic and Pacific Ocean gateways are indicated by the blue and red contours in the stereographic projection (lower right in a). Correlations of 1979–2018 SON upper ocean temperature field with two time series, i.e., b SON upper 50 m POHT through the Atlantic Ocean gateway in a (blue line), c SON upper 50 m POHT through the Pacific Ocean gateway in a (red line). SON upper 50 m POHT (TW) from 1979 to 2018 through the Atlantic Ocean gateway in d, and through the Pacific Ocean gateway in e from the five wind-nudging experiments (gray lines, and ensemble average in black line), CESM-LEN 40 members average (green line), and the ORAS5 reanalysis (blue line for the Atlantic Ocean gateway, red line for the Pacific Ocean gateway). The green shading represents the one standard deviation spread of the all CESM-LEN 40 members away from the ensemble mean. All linear trends are removed in calculating the correlations in b, c. Black stippling in all plots indicates statistically significant correlations at the 95% confidence level. POHT through the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean gateways are calculated using different reference temperatures (0 °C for the Pacific Ocean gateway and −1.9 °C for the Atlantic Ocean gateway, respectively).
