Table 1 Sources and distributions of uncertainties considered in the calibration.

From: Mid-infrared emissivity of partially dehydrated asteroid (162173) Ryugu shows strong signs of aqueous alteration

Uncertainty source

Error estimation

Thermal and electrical noise of thermopile signal

\(N\left({m}_{U}=0{{{{{\boldsymbol{,}}}}}}{\sigma }_{U}=0.07{\mu }{{{{{\rm{V}}}}}}\right)\)

Measurement repeatability (depends on the channel)

\(N(0,{\sigma }_{{Ur}}=0.16-0.5{\mu}{{{{{\rm{V}}}}}}{{{{\mathscr{]}}}}})\)

Calibration uncertainty of calibration target

\({{{{{\mathscr{U}}}}}}{{{{{\mathscr{(}}}}}}{{{{{\mathscr{[}}}}}}{{{{{\mathscr{-}}}}}}d{T}_{{PT}}=-0.13{{{{{\rm{K}}}}}},d{T}_{{PT}}=0.13{{{{{\rm{K}}}}}}{{{{\mathscr{]}}}}}{{{{\mathscr{)}}}}}\)

Inhomogeneity of calibration target

\({{{{{\mathscr{U}}}}}}{{{{{\mathscr{(}}}}}}{{{{{\mathscr{[}}}}}}{{{{{\mathscr{-}}}}}}d{T}_{{cal}}=-0.25{{{{{\rm{K}}}}}},d{T}_{{cal}}=0.25{{{{{\rm{K}}}}}}{{{{\mathscr{]}}}}}{{{{\mathscr{)}}}}}\)

  1. \(N\) is Gaussian distribution around mean of thermopile voltage \({m}_{U}\) and standard deviation \({\sigma }_{U}\,\). \({{{{{\mathscr{U}}}}}}\) is uniform distribution in a given interval. \(d{U}_{r}\) is difference between the individual in flight calibration measurements under equal conditions, \(d{T}_{{PT}}\) is the uncertainty of the calibration target’s temperature sensor, \(d{T}_{{cal}}\) is the heterogeneity calibration target’s temperature, as observed with an IR camera on the ground.
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