Fig. 2: Timing of eruptions and ENSO events over 1100–2000 CE.
From: A re-appraisal of the ENSO response to volcanism with paleoclimate data assimilation
a The 22 largest eruption events, defined as a volcanic stratospheric sulfur injection (VSSI) greater than 6 according to eVolv2k version 345 and Toohey et al.46. The 13 events sampled by the Palmyra coral record27,28 are colored in black, while other events are colored in gray. b–d Niño 3.4 reconstructions over the 1100–2000 CE period estimated with the Last Millennium Reanalysis (LMR) framework31,32. For each reconstruction, dark shading denotes the interquartile range, while light shading denotes the central 95% region (2.5% to 97.5% quantiles).
