Fig. 5: Therapeutic efficacy of the combination of CTCE-p53-mRNA NPs with anti-PD-1 (aPD1) in orthotopic HCC model.

a Timeline of tumor implantation and treatment schedule for survival studies in HCC models. b, c Tumor growth profile of each indicated treatment group (n = 12 mice/group). d Survival data from the RIL-175 orthotopic mouse model (n = 12 mice/group). e, f The combination of CTCE-p53-mRNA NPs with aPD1 reduces ascites (e) and pleural effusion (f). g The combination of CTCE-p53-mRNA NPs with aPD1 reduces lung metastasis (n = 12 mice for each group). Statistical significance was calculated via one-way ANOVA with a Tukey post-hoc test. All data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.