Fig. 3: Short term but not long-term constraint depends on molecular mechanisms of plasticity.
From: Alternative splicing in seasonal plasticity and the potential for adaptation to environmental change
a Five butterflies were collected from Zomba, Malawi, and used for population genomics. b Nucleotide diversity (π) was calculated for 14,402 genes in the B. anynana annotation, 10155 of which were multiexon. A histogram represents the distribution of π values, while a rug plot show values for individual genes. c Seasonally differentially spliced (DS, differential exon expression) genes had reduced π, whether the genes were also differentially expressed (DS only = red, DE and DS = purple). d In contrast, genes that were DS or DE among families tended to have increased π relative to the rest of the genome. e Nucleotide divergence (ω) was calculated between B. anynana and Pararge aegeria, which shared a common ancestor 31–41 mya49. f ω was calculated for 9306 single-copy orthologs, 6369 of which were multiexon, and square-root-transformed for analyses. g There was no difference in ω among genes that were differentially expressed or differentially spliced by season. h Among families, DE-only genes showed higher ω, although this pattern was inconsistent across tissues. c, d, g, h Data shown are based on abdomen samples (see Supplementary Fig. 7, 9 and Supplementary Table 5, 6 for figures and analyses based on thorax samples). Asterisks (*) denote statistically meaningful differences (Bayesian linear models, Supplementary Fig. 7A, C and Supplementary Fig. 9A, C). Point clouds represent π or \(\sqrt{{\omega }}\) values for each gene set. Values are summarized with boxplots: the center line represents the median, the box encloses the 25th-75th quartiles and is notched (median + /− 1.58 * interquartile/\(\sqrt{n}\)), and whiskers extend to 1.5x the interquartile range. The grey horizontal line indicates the median of genes that were not DE or DS. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Maps were constructed in R100,101 and modified for publication with Inkscape102. B. anynana photo was modified with permission from O. Brattström. P. aegeria photo was modified with permission from O. Lindestad. Phylogeny schematic was made by the authors from data published in Pena et al.56.
