Fig. 3: CXCL1 is highly detected in CSFs of HEVA71 HFMD patients and mice with neurological deficits.
a Survival rates and b mean clinical scores of mice infected with S41 or UI. S41-infected mice but not UI-infected mice displayed mortality and high clinical scores from 4 dpi. c High viral loads were detected in brains of S41- but not UI-infected mice (below LOD = 0.2) at 7 dpi. d, e CXCL1 levels were slightly elevated in d serum but highly elevated in e CSF of S41-infected mice but not in UI-infected mice that correlated with neuropathological deficits seen only in S41-infected mice. Data are expressed as the average with error bars representing ±SD from 3 independent experiments (n = 3, 10 mice were used for each group per independent experiment). f CSF CXCL1 chemokine concentrations in severe HEVA71 HFMD patients significantly exceeds CXCL1 levels of other groups. Violin plots represent all analyzed values. Bold and dashed lines indicated median and the 25th and 75th percentile, respectively. Number of patients per group is indicated on the x-axis. Statistical analyses were performed with two-way ANOVA corrected using Bonferroni post-test. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001). Exact P values for: moderate HEVA71 HFMD (CSF) = 0.0033, severe CA6 HFMD (CSF) = 0.0301, severe CA16 HFMD (CSF) = 0.0038 and JEV encephalitis (CSF) = 0.0401. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
