Table 1 Sampling sites.
From: Black carbon footprint of human presence in Antarctica
Site | Latitude (°) | Longitude (°) | Season | Observations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
South Shetland Islands | |||||
King George Island | Arctowski Ice Field | −62.1203 | −58.6453 | 19/20 | King George Island (95 km long and 25 km wide, with an area of 1150 km2) is the largest of the South Shetland Islands, lying 120 km off the coast of Antarctica in the Southern Ocean. Research stations operated by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, South Korea, Peru, Poland, Russia, and Uruguay are located on the island, where Chile operates one of the busiest Antarctic airfields. Of the visitors who travelled with IAATO members to the region in the season 2019/20, about 6% took at least one flight in or out of King George Island, combined with a Peninsula cruise. We sampled at 8 sites on the island including at two of the three major bays (Maxwell Bay and Admiralty Bay Arctowski) as well as on Collins Glacier, which covers about 75% of the island. |
Collins Glacier 1 | −62.1673 | −58.8547 | 17/18 | ||
Collins Glacier (Dome) | −62.1686 | −58.8753 | 19/20 | ||
Collins Glacier 2 | −62.1698 | −58.8586 | 16/17 | ||
Collins Glacier (Artigas) | −62.1833 | −58.8844 | 19/20 | ||
Maxwell Bay (LARC) | −62.2028 | −58.9608 | 16/17 | ||
Maxwell Bay (Ardley) | −62.2167 | −58.9333 | 16/17 | ||
Maxwell Bay (South) | −62.2238 | −58.9635 | 17/18 | ||
Robert Island | Coppermine Peninsula | −62.3786 | −59.7119 | 16/17 | Robert Island (132 km2) is situated between Nelson Island and Greenwich Island. We sampled in the Coppermine Peninsula, located on the southwest coast of the island. |
Greenwich Island | Prat Station | −62.4798 | −59.6434 | 18/19 19/20 | Greenwich Island (142.7 km2) lies between Robert Island and Livingston Island. The Chilean Prat base and an Ecuadorian Maldonado base are situated on the northeast and north coast of the island, respectively. We sampled about 1 km west of the Prat station. |
Half Moon | Half Moon Bay | −62.5956 | −59.9122 | 18/19 | Half Moon Island (1.7 km2) lies 1.35 km north of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands. An Argentinian naval station is operational occasionally during the summer, but it is closed during the winter. |
Livingston Island | Walker Bay 1 | −62.6364 | −60.6008 | 19/20 | Livingston Island (798 km2; 73 km long and 36 km wide) has research stations on the northwest coast of Hurd Peninsula, operated in summer by Spain and Bulgaria. We sampled at 2 sites at Walker Bay near Hannah Point on the south coast of the island. Most of the extensive Byers Peninsula (about 60 km2), forming the west extremity of Livingston Island, is ice-free. |
Walker Bay 2 | −62.6362 | −60.6010 | 19/20 | ||
Deception Island | Mount Pond | −62.9656 | −60.5522 | 19/20 | Deception Island is the caldera of an active volcano. The island has a scientific outpost with Argentine and Spanish research stations, and has become a popular tourist destination. We sampled at Mount Pond near the Whaler Bay on the southwest coast of the island and at a site nearby the Spanish Gabriel de Castilla Station. |
G. de Castilla Station | −62.9768 | −60.6691 | 18/19 | ||
Palmer Archipelago | |||||
Trinity Island | Mikkelsen Harbor 1 | −63.8967 | −60.8025 | 16/17 18/19 | Trinity or Trinidad Island (240 km2; 24 km long and 10 km wide) is in the northern part of the Palmer Archipelago. We sampled at two sites close to the southernmost point of the island (the Skottsberg Point), which marks the west side of Mikkelsen Harbor. |
Mikkelsen Harbor 2 | −63.9133 | −60.8150 | 19/20 | ||
Doumer Island | Yelcho Station 1 | −64.8761 | −63.5783 | 19/20 | Doumer Island (30 km2) lies between the south portions of Wiencke Island and Anvers Island (where the U.S. Palmer Station lies). We sampled at three sites close to the southernmost point of the island, nearby the Chilean Yelcho station and about 25 km east of Palmer Station. |
Yelcho Station 2 | −64.8775 | −63.5831 | 19/20 | ||
Yelcho Station 3 | −64.8779 | −63.5824 | 19/20 | ||
Antarctic Peninsula | |||||
Trinity Peninsula | O’Higgins Station | −63.3225 | −57.8970 | 18/19 | Trinity Peninsula is the northernmost part of the Antarctic Peninsula. We sampled nearby the Chilean O’Higgins Station, located about 30 km southwest of Prime Head, the northernmost point of the Antarctic Peninsula. Hope Bay (Bahía Esperanza; 5 km long and 3 km wide) indents the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is the site of the Argentinian settlement Esperanza Base. We sampled about 2 km southeast of Esperanza Base. |
Hope Bay | −63.4078 | −56.9911 | 19/20 | ||
Charlotte Bay | Portal Point | −64.5001 | −61.7661 | 18/19 | Charlotte Bay is a bay on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula indenting the west coast of Graham Land in a southeast direction. We sampled nearby Portal Point, where a British hut lies. |
Cuverville Island | Northern shore | −64.6803 | −62.6194 | 16/17 | Cuverville (3.6 km2) is a rocky island lying in Errera Channel between Arctowski Peninsula and the northern part of Rongé Island. We sampled on the north coast of the island. |
Petermann Island | Groussac Refuge | −65.1758 | −64.1361 | 16/17 18/19 | Petermann (2 km2) is a small, low and rounded island lying off the northwest coast of Kiev Peninsula, a short distance south of Booth Island and the Lemaire Channel. It is a popular tourist destination. We sampled nearby the Argentinian Groussac refuge. |
Detaille Island | Station W | −66.8687 | −66.7833 | 16/17 | Detaille is a small island off the northern end of the Arrowsmith Peninsula. We sampled nearby the unoccupied “Base W” of the British Antarctic Survey. |
Ellsworth Mountains | |||||
Union Glacier | Union Glacier 1 | −79.7669 | −82.9144 | 16/17 | Union Glacier is a large glacier that receives the flow of several tributaries and drains through the middle of the Heritage Range, Ellsworth Mountains. The glacier is the site of a blue-ice runway and two seasonally occupied camps (a Chilean camp and another operated by a private company that provides private expedition support and tours). In addition to the blue-ice runway, both camps operate ski-equipped airplanes. We sampled at two sites northwest of the Chilean camp, about 6 km east of the Blue-Ice Runway but less than 1 km away from designated landing sites for ski-equipped airplanes. |
Union Glacier 2 | −79.7625 | −82.9603 | 18/19 | ||
