Fig. 6: The long frameshifting stimulation element (FSE) has a dramatically higher frameshifting rate than the minimal FSE.
From: Secondary structural ensembles of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome in infected cells
a Schematic of the 2924 nt dual-luciferase construct containing the FSE. The construct consists of truncated parts of segments a and b of open reading frame 1 (t-ORF1ab) encoding non-structural proteins (nsps) nsp9, nsp10, and most of nsp12 inserted between firefly luciferase (Fluc) in reading frame 0 and Renilla luciferase (Rluc) in reading frame −1. With −1 frameshifting, both Fluc and Rluc are expressed; without, only Fluc is expressed. b Rate of −1 ribosomal frameshifting calculated as Rluc/Fluc normalized against amino-acid matched positive and negative controls for both 92 nt and 2924 nt inserts for n = 3 biologically independent experiments. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. P = 0.053 for difference in means, two-sided Welch’s t-test. c Schematic of the RNA structure ensemble speculated to lead to a higher frameshifting rate. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
