Fig. 4: Drug–protein interactions of upregulated plasma proteins in severe COVID-19 patients.

Proteins with more than 2-fold upregulation in severe versus mild-moderate cases were subjected to protein-drug interaction analysis (PDI, using Drug-Gene Interaction database DGIdb, v4.2.0). Target proteins are colored red according to the fold change of expression in severe versus mild cases, whereas drugs are shown in gray boxes or nodes. Drugs that target 1.5- to 2-fold upregulated proteins in severe versus mild cases are shown in Supplementary Fig. 4. Interactions between proteins are depicted by red or blue lines for STRING-db confidence score of 0.7 to 1.0 or 0.5 to 0.7, respectively. a Drugs which target single proteins with 2-fold or more upregulation in severe COVID-19 patients versus mild-moderate cases. b Drugs which target with two or more upregulated proteins in severe COVID-19 patients. Those multi-target drugs affect proteins shown in (b) and/or proteins with 1.5- to 2-fold upregulation in severe versus mild cases (Supplementary Fig. 4).