Fig. 2: The Gγ-like subunit negatively controls glume coverage in sorghum and millet.

a Genetic background of NIL-GC1 and NIL-gc1-a lines based on the self-crosses process derived from the cross between SN010 and M-81E. The green box in the long arm of chromosome 1 indicates the homozygous 58 Kb GC1 region derived from M-81E (gc1-a/gc1-a) (see “Methods” section). b Morphology of mature spikelet and glumes in NIL-GC1 and NIL-gc1-a. Bar = 5 mm. c Statistics of glume length in NIL-GC1 and NIL-gc1-a. Phenotypic data are mean ± s.e.m. n = 10 biological replicates. P-values were determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. d Schematic diagram of peptide structure, mature spikelet and glumes in Wheatland (wild type of GC1), GC1-KO mutant, GC1-OE, and gc1-OE lines. Bar = 0.5 cm. e, f Statistics of glume length and threshing rate in the plants shown in d. Data are mean ± s.e.m. n = 8 biological replicates. g Schematic diagram of peptide structure, mature spikelet, and glumes in Ci846 (wild type of SiGC1), SiGC1¹²⁴-OE line and SiGC1-KO mutants. Bar = 0.5 cm. The glume outline of SiGC1¹²⁴-OE is highlighted by yellow lines. h Statistics of glume length in the plants shown in g. Data are mean ± s.e.m. n = 9 biological replicates. G, G protein γ subunit domain. T transmembrane domain, GC glume coverage, GL glume length. P values in e, f, h were determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.