Fig. 4: gc1-a induces low glume coverage by repressing cell proliferation.

a Spatio-temporal expression pattern of GC1. Data are mean ± s.e.m. n = 6 biological replicates. b RNA in situ hybridization of GC1 in NIL-GC1 at 3 cm young panicle stage. Left bar = 2 mm. Right bar = 200 μm. c Longitudinal paraffin-section of glumes in NIL-GC1 and NIL-gc1-a at flowering stage. Bar = 1 mm. Magnified glume cell morphology in NIL-GC1 and NIL-gc1-a. Bar = 200 μm. d Statistics of glume cell area and cell number in NIL-GC1 and NIL-gc1-a. e Longitudinal paraffin-section of glumes in NIL-GC1 and NIL-gc1-a at four young panicle developmental stages. YP Young panicle. Bar = 200 μm. The red arrows show corresponding glume cells. Statistical data in d and e are mean ± s.e.m. n = 10 biological replicates. P-values were determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. ***Significant probability level at P < 0.001. f Heatmap of downstream DEGs of GC1 related to Cyclin-CDK pathway. Fold change was calculated for NIL-GC1 samples compared with NIL-gc1-a samples. g Relative gene expression of Cyclin-CDK related genes SbCYCA2;3, SbCYCB2;2 and SbCDKB1;1 at four panicle stages. Data are mean ± s.e.m. ns not significant. Three biological repeats were performed. P-values were determined by multiple two-tailed unpaired t-test. *Significant probability level at P < 0.05. **Significant probability level at P < 0.01. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.