Fig. 3: Trench-parallel and trench-perpendicular components of convergence velocity compared to the tectono-magmatic evolution of the Andean margin.

A–C shows the temporal evolution of convergence velocity at 20°, 30°, and 40°S (respectively) decomposed on its trench-perpendicular (black line) and trench-parallel (grey line) components (alternatives with time-changing trench axis are available as Figs. S2A–C of Supplementary Information). D–F displays a compilation of main tectonic and magmatic events that occurred across the continental margin at 20°, 30°, and 40°S (respectively). Note as a reference the approximate west (left) to east (right) location of morpho-structural units at the top of each panel (labels are defined in Fig. 1). The thickness of blue bars indicates the approximate EW extend of compressive deformation events as informed by original authors (see Supplementary Information). G, H show estimates of shortening rates at the scale of the whole orogen and for the retroarc region near 20° and 30°S (respectively). G also includes time-varying estimates of paleoelevation and variations in the productivity of volcanism (expressed by the number of reported geochronological ages for ignimbrites and arc lavas). Sources of published information used to construct D to H are described in the Supplementary Information. Horizontal grey bands mark the time interval between 15 and 5 Ma, with emphasis between 11 and 9 Ma, which is the time when our model shows the most important differences with respect to SG12.