Fig. 4: Comparison of relative genus abundance based on V1–V3 and V4 region 16S rRNA gene amplicon data.

a Mean relative abundance was calculated based on 709 activated sludge samples. Genera present at ≥0.001% relative abundance in V1–V3 and/or V4 datasets are considered. Genera with less than twofold difference in relative abundance between the two primer sets are shown with gray circles, and those that are overrepresented by at least twofold with one of the primer sets are shown in red (V4) and blue (V1–V3). The twofold difference is an arbitrary choice; however, it relates to the uncertainty we usually encounter in amplicon data. Genus names are shown for all taxa present at a minimum of 0.1% mean relative abundance (excluding those with de novo names). b Heatmaps of the most abundant genera with more than twofold relative abundance difference between the two primer sets.