Fig. 2: Spatiotemporal evolutions in PME over NATO and TWS across Eurasia.

Temporal covariations among the normalized trend items of the regional sums of terrestrial water storages (TWSs) in sub-regions 1–10 (HSRs 1–10) across mid-latitude (N30°–N60°) Eurasia and the normalized trend items of the regional sums precipitation-minus-evapotranspiration (PMEs) in NATO1 and NATO3 (a–e and h–l, respectively). Spatial patterns of the modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) trends of PMEs in the NATO and TWSs in North Africa, Europe and Asia (g). Cross Pearson’s correlation between PMEs in northern NATOs and TWSs in HSRs 1–10 (f). PME_NATO_MMK refer to the MMK trend in PMEs over NATO. TWS_MMK refers to the MMK trend in TWS across Eurasia and North Africa. The ocean currents in the plot were the long-term averaged ocean currents in NATO based on the OSCAR (Ocean Surface Current Analysis Real-time) dataset during 1993–2019. The moisture trajectories in subplot (g) were clustered using the k-means cluster method based on the locations of particles in the trajectories.