Fig. 5: M2-DMS Ca²⁺ activity encodes preceding and upcoming actions.

a (top) Schematic and (bottom) example histology of projection specific M2-DMS Ca²⁺ fiber photometry. b–d Ca²⁺ activity z-scored relative to baseline and aligned to (b) press onset, (c) the duration of the press, and (d) press offset. e–g β coefficients from LME models relating activity to current and prior durations for Actual and Shuffled data (e) before press onset, (f) during the press, and (g) after press offset. Met = Presses that met criteria. Fail = Presses that did not meet criterion. Grey shading in (b, d) indicates 1.6 s. Black lines in (b–d) indicate significant differences between Met/Fail via permutation testing that required consecutive samples to pass the threshold for significance. All tests were two-tailed, and (e–g) were corrected for multiple comparisons. Shuffled data are the mean + SEM of 1000 order shuffled β coefficients. ***p < 0.001. See also Supplementary Fig. 4, Supplementary Table 5, and Source Data.