Fig. 2: Fabrication and characterizations of Sn–Bi interface induced by crumples.

a Scheme of the synthesis process through in situ electrodeposition and evolution under CO2RR conditions. b, c SEM images of microflower structures on CF. d TEM image of flower structures composed by nanosheets. e, f HRTEM images of nano-crumples on the flower petal. g HAADF-STEM image and (h–j) corresponding EDS element mapping. k TEM image of flower structures. l AFM image of the similar structure (k). m, n The corresponding height profile, and three-dimensional AFM image.