Fig. 2: Sampling sites and mitochondrial phylogeographic patterns.

A Map of sampling locations. The numbers in parentheses are numbers of samples included in mitochondrial/nuclear genome analysis. SMI (Villa Franca do Campo), MEP (Mertola), KLT (Kilton Castle), TRU (Tanner Row, York), GAU (Gatehampton Villa), VOB (Voorburg-Forum Hadriani), SNE (Deventer-Stadhuiskwartier), MDT (Monte di Tuda), SML (Santa Maria Lavezzi), ATU (Althiburos), Sulz (Castle Sulzbach), PRA (Prague Castle), PZA (Petronell-Carnuntum Zivilstadt), KAF (Kastelholm), BUD (Buda Castle-Teleki Palace), Car (Caričin Grad) and Ass (Assos). B The phylogeographic pattern of black rat revealed by CYTB mitochondrial haplogroups (see Supplementary Fig. 4 for detailed phylogeny), including 67 ancient rats, 3 modern rats from Zembra, 132 modern samples from Indian Ocean basin and 274 published samples. Basemap source: ESRI ArcWorld Supplement (World Continents), used under license.