Fig. 5: Ex situ chemical characterizations of the SNCM electrodes after 80 cycles at 0.5 C (100 mA g−1) and a cut-off voltage of 4.6 V.

a, b XANES spectra of Ni K-edge of undoped SNCM and AZ0.3-SNCM cathodes collected at fully charged state after various cycles. c XANES derivative plots for pre-edge peaks for undoped SNCM and AZ0.3-SNCMcathodes. d Ex situ Ni K-edge EXAFS of AZ0.3-SNCM cathode after various cycles. e, f 2D Fourier transformed Ni K-edge EXAFS spectra for AZ0.3-SNCM cathodes after 50 and 80 cycles.