Fig. 6: The biogeophysical (BGP) and biogeochemical (BGC) impacts of historical land-use and land-cover change on economies in countries of different economic conditions via annual-mean surface air temperature (SAT) changes.

Countries are sorted by their relative changes in GDP per capita (%) in 2012 induced by (a) BGP, (b) BGC, and (c) their combined impacts, from damages on the left to benefits on the right, with bars shaded by their corresponding GDP per capita in 2012 (US$₂₀₁₀). Blue/red color is split at the global GDP per capita in 2012 (approximately 10,000 US$₂₀₁₀)³⁹. Countries with GDP per capita greater than 10,000 US$₂₀₁₀ are grouped into economically advanced countries (in red). Otherwise, they are grouped into economically disadvantaged countries (in blue). The x-axis indicates the share of global GDP for each country.