Fig. 1: Structure of Pd nanocatalysts.

a–c Representative AC-ADF-STEM images, d AC-ABF-STEM image, e high-resolution SE-STEM image in STEM mode for Pd(B,C)/OMC. f TPHD curves for Pd interstitial nanocatalysts with different interstitial atoms and Pd/OMC reference catalyst without interstitial atoms. g EELS spectra for Pd(B,C)/OMC. For reference, the EELS spectrum for adjacent carbonaceous pore wall is also provided. Inset in g is the line scanning for a selected Pd nanoparticle. h EELS spectra for interstitial Pd nanocatalysts containing P/C, C, S/C, and N/C. For reference, the EELS spectra for pure Pd/OMC are also provided. i 11B solid-state NMR spectra of Pd(B,C)/OMC (red line) and B-OMC without Pd (navy line). Inset is the schematic of Pd nanoparticles modified with p-block atoms.