Table 1 Factors associated with putative clonal transmission of CPE.

From: Whole genome sequencing reveals hidden transmission of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales

Variable

Clonal-transmission pairs (N = 1451)(%)

Control pairs (N = 1451)(%)

Clonal-transmission pairsa (weighted %)

Control pairsa (weighted %)

Univariable analysisb

Multivariable analysisb

OR (95%CI)

P-value

aOR (95%CI)

P-value

Hospital or ward contact

 No hospital nor ward contact

288 (19.9)

763 (52.6)

18.5%

44.9%

ref

–

ref

–

 Direct ward contact

134 (9.2)

5 (0.3)

14.5%

0.5%

7.55 (5.01–11.4)

<0.0001

6.22 (3.89–9.95)

<0.0001

 Indirect ward contact

255 (17.6)

172 (11.9)

18.1%

12.6%

3.11 (2.08–4.66)

<0.0001

2.90 (1.89–4.45)

<0.0001

 Direct hospital contact (No ward contact)

385 (26.5)

100 (6.9)

29.0%

9.1%

4.99 (3.42–7.29)

<0.0001

4.66 (3.20–6.79)

<0.0001

 Indirect hospital contact (No ward contact)

389 (26.8)

411 (28.3)

19.9%

32.9%

1.65 (1.07–2.53)

0.022

1.62 (1.07–2.47)

0.023

Discipline contact

 No contact

1115 (76.8)

1261 (86.9)

74.9%

84.9%

ref

–

ref

–

 Direct contact

127 (8.8)

20 (1.4)

12.4%

2.0%

2.72 (1.91–3.87)

<0.0001

1.19 (0.80–1.77)

0.38

 Indirect contact

209 (14.4)

170 (11.7)

12.7%

13.2%

1.10 (0.76–1.60)

0.61

0.97 (0.64–1.45)

0.87

Procedure contact

 No contact

1438 (99.1)

1442 (99.4)

99.6%

99.0%

ref

–

ref

–

 Direct contact

0

0

0.0%

0.0%

–

–

–

–

 Indirect contact

13 (0.9)

9 (0.6)

0.4%

1.0%

0.49 (0.06–3.93)

0.50

–

–

Bacterial species

 Escherichia coli

283 (19.5)

593 (40.9)

18.1%

39.4%

ref

–

ref

–

 Klebsiella pneumoniae

819 (56.4)

395 (27.2)

57.5%

30.4%

3.05 (2.04–4.55)

<0.0001

3.13 (2.14–4.58)

<0.0001

 Enterobacter spp

308 (21.2)

318 (21.9)

17.9%

19.6%

1.75 (1.14–2.71)

0.011

2.29 (1.46–3.61)

0.0003

 Others

41 (2.8)

145 (10.0)

6.5%

10.5%

1.31 (0.65–2.65)

0.45

1.25 (0.59–2.64)

0.56

Genotypes

 blaKPC

443 (30.5)

591 (40.7)

33.3%

42.0%

ref

–

ref

–

 blaNDM

664 (45.8)

599 (41.3)

48.0%

39.7%

1.39 (1.01–1.90)

0.042

1.52 (1.04–2.22)

0.031

 blaOXA-type

321 (22.1)

153 (10.5)

14.7%

10.5%

1.55 (1.01–2.38)

0.043

1.81 (1.13–2.91)

0.014

 Others

23 (1.6)

108 (7.4)

4.0%

7.8%

0.69 (0.31–1.56)

0.38

0.77 (0.34–1.78)

0.55

Community contactc

 No contact

1450 (100.0)

1451 (100.0)

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Same household

0

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Same zipcode

1 (0.0)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

  1. OR Odds-ratio, aOR Adjusted odds-ratio, Ref Reference, – Not applicable
  2. aTo correct for potential bias from clustering, the prevalence of epidemiologic risk factors were inversely-weighted by a factor of one over the number of case-control pairs with identical source patient and by reducing the sample size to derive standard errors concomitantly.
  3. bUnivariable and multivariable analyses were conducted based on the weighted percentages using conditional logistic regression on matched case-control pairs. The Wald chi-square test was performed for all the risk factors with an α level of 0.05 (two-sided). No adjustment was made for multiple comparisons.
  4. cCommunity contact was excluded from univariable and multivariable analyses as the frequency of exposure was too low.
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