Fig. 4: Habitual dietary intake and gut microbiota-bile acid axis.

a Prospective association of dietary factors with the identified microbial biomarker Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 in the discovery and validation cohorts. The results of Ruminococcaceae UCG-003 are reported in the Supplementary Fig. 7. Values presented are beta coefficients (95% confidence intervals) with corresponding p-values. b Prospective association of dietary factors with the identified bile acid biomarkers linking chronic insomnia and cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) in the GNHS. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the prospective association of dietary factors with microbial and bile acid biomarkers, adjusted for the potential confounders. p value < 0.05 is considered significantly different. Value presented are beta coefficients (95% confidence intervals) with corresponding p-values. c Diagram of the link between habitual tea consumption, the gut microbiota-bile acid axis, and CMD. Habitual tea consumption was associated with higher abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 and lower abundance of the Nor cholic acid (NorCA). Value with asterisk is significantly different. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Throughout the above analyses, FDR was controlled by the Benjamini-Hochberg method. All statistical tests were two-sided. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.