Table 2 Characteristics of study participants from the Guangdong Gut Microbiome Projecta.

From: The gut microbiota-bile acid axis links the positive association between chronic insomnia and cardiometabolic diseases

Characteristics

Total population

Groups

Non-chronic insomnia

Chronic insomnia

p value

n

6122

2963

3159

 

Age, y

52.9 (14.7)

49.8 (14.6)

55.8 (14.2)

<0.001

Sex, n (% of women)

3399 (55.5)

1505 (50.8)

1894 (60.0)

<0.001

BMI, kg/m2

23.3 (3.5)

23.4 (3.6)

23.2 (3.5)

0.011

Vegetable intake, g/d

335 (231)

337 (216)

333 (243)

0.560

Fruit intake, g/d

80 (117)

81 (111)

78 (122)

0.190

Red and processed meat intake, g/d

129 (121)

134 (122)

125 (119)

0.007

Current alcohol drinker, n (%)

2384 (38.9)

1182 (39.9)

1202 (38.1)

0.140

Current smoker, n (%)

1563 (25.5)

851 (28.7)

712 (22.5)

<0.001

Education, n (%)

<0.001

Middle school or lower

4649 (75.9)

2134 (72.0)

2515 (79.6)

 

High school or professional college

1215 (19.8)

674 (22.7)

541 (17.1)

 

University

258 (4.2)

155 (5.2)

103 (3.3)

 

SBP

132 (22)

130 (21)

134 (23)

<0.001

DBP

78 (12)

78 (12)

78 (12)

0.370

TG

1.4 (1.5)

1.4 (1.6)

1.4 (1.3)

0.640

TC

5.3 (0.9)

5.2 (0.8)

5.3 (0.9)

0.002

LDL

3.3 (0.9)

3.2 (0.9)

3.3 (1.0)

<0.001

HDL

1.3 (0.5)

1.3 (0.5)

1.3 (0.5)

0.021

FBG

5.6 (1.6)

5.5 (1.6)

5.7 (1.7)

<0.001

  1. SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, FBG Fasting blood glucose.
  2. aData are expressed as mean with standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables; p value represents the comparison among groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Pearson’s chi-square test. All statistical tests were two-sided.
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