Fig. 1: Identification of parvalbumin as an Exercise-suppressed regulator of M2 macrophage.

Representative M1 and M2 macrophage marker gene expression in scWAT (a) and BAT (b) of sedentary and exercised mice. Sedentary, n = 6; exercise, n = 6. c Volcano plot of secreted proteins altered in serum from treadmill-running mice compared with sedentary controls (n = 3 with 3 mouse serums per pool). Multiple hypothesis correction were performed on the data and q-value was used to replace p-values. d Parvalbumin protein levels in muscle and adipose tissues. e Parvalbumin protein levels in serum from exercised or sedentary mice. Representative M1 (f) (P value: 0.016, <0.0001, <0.0001, 0.0307, <0.0001, <0.0001, 0.0003, <0.0001) and M2 (g) (P value: ***p < 0.0001) macrophage marker gene expression in BMDM exposed to indicated concentration of parvalbumin (n = 6 per group). h Flow cytometric analysis of M2 macrophage marker CD206 in BMDM treated with or without parvalbumin (n = 6 per group). P value: ***p < 0.0001. i Cell viability and (j) Caspase 3/7 activity in BMDMs treated with or without parvalbumin (100 ng/ml) (n = 5 per group). k Representative M2 macrophage marker gene expression in human PBMCs treated with or without human parvalbumin (100 ng/ml) (n = 3 per group). P value: 0.0346, 0.0003, 0.0005, 0.0002. n values refer to the number of mice and human serum samples used. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test a, b, c and i–k or one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc tests (f–h). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.