Fig. 4: Transient evolution of fault slip, permeability and friction during a fast-step increase in fluid pressure.

Best-fit model solutions to experimental data and associated change in friction and permeability for (A–B) Test 1, (C–D) Test 2, (E–F) Test 3. Frictional parameters a, b, dc, μ0, Ks and α were estimated using Eqs. (3), (4), (5), and parameters β, γ, and ψ for permeability change using Eqs. (1), (2), (6) and (7).