Fig. 1: Cytokine induction in primary human B cells from NSCLC patients undergoing checkpoint blockade therapy.

a CD19 + B-cell IL-10 expression in NSCLC patients stratified by the development of high-grade post-treatment irAE. Data are presented as % of the total CD19 + population, with points indicating individual patients (n = 45 biologically independent samples including controls). Box plots are defined as median (centre), with the bounds of the box representing the interquartile range (upper and lower bounds) and the whiskers representing upper and lower extremes. Statistical analysis was conducted using Wilcoxon rank-sums test (to test for specific inter-group differences) and Kruskal–Wallis (to generally test for overall differences between all three groups). All analyses were conducted using a Benjamini–Hochberg multiple comparisons correction, comparing all conditions as indicated. A significance level of <0.05 was adopted. b IFNγ production by maximally stimulated CD4 + cells alone and in co-culture with increasing doses of paired autologous primary CD19 + B cells. Data points indicate individual patients (n = 20 biologically independent samples including controls). Box plots are defined as median (centre), with the bounds of the box representing the interquartile range (upper and lower bounds) and the whiskers representing upper and lower extremes. Statistical analysis was conducted using Wilcoxon rank-sums test and Kruskal–Wallis followed by a Benjamini–Hochberg multiple comparisons correction, comparing all conditions as indicated; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. c CD19 + B-cell pan-cytokine expression in NSCLC patients stratified by the development of high-grade post-treatment irAE. Data are presented as % of the total CD19 + population, with points indicating individual patients (n = 45 biologically independent samples including controls). Box plots are defined as median (centre), with the bounds of the box representing the interquartile range (upper and lower bounds) and the whiskers representing upper and lower extremes. Statistical analysis was conducted using Kruskal–Wallis (to generally test for overall differences between all three groups). All analyses were conducted using a Benjamini–Hochberg multiple comparisons correction, comparing all conditions as indicated. A significance level of <0.05 was adopted. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.