Fig. 4: Radiation constant difference in finite-size PCSELs. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Radiation constant difference in finite-size PCSELs.

From: General recipe to realize photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers with 100-W-to-1-kW single-mode operation

Fig. 4: Radiation constant difference in finite-size PCSELs.

a Typical electric field distributions of the fundamental and higher-order modes in a finite-sized device with a diameter of L. b, c Calculated frequencies and radiation constants of modes A and C as functions of Δk for several values of R, where the other parameters (μ and I) are fixed to constant values (μ = 90 cm−1, I = 30 cm−1 in Fig. 4b and μ = 40 cm−1, I = 20 cm−1 in Fig. 4c). d Threshold margin (\(\varDelta {\alpha }_{{{{{{\rm{v}}}}}}}\) and \({e}^{\varDelta {\alpha }_{{{{{{\rm{v}}}}}}}\cdot L}\)) for a 3-mm-diameter PCSEL when the values of R and μ are changed.

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