Fig. 4: Low-concentration redox flow battery performance. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Low-concentration redox flow battery performance.

From: Development of efficient aqueous organic redox flow batteries using ion-sieving sulfonated polymer membranes

Fig. 4: Low-concentration redox flow battery performance.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a EIS spectra of K4Fe(CN)6 (0.1 M)|2,6-DPPAQ (0.1 M) flow battery cells at 100% SOC. b Energy efficiency as a function of current density in the range of 10–100 mA cm−2. Membrane thicknesses are 142 µm (Nafion 115), 176 µm (sPIM-SBF-1.86), 45 µm (sPIM-SBF-1.67a), 177 µm (sPIM-SBF-1.67b), 134 µm (sPIM-SBF-1.40) and 139 µm (sPIM-SBF-0.98), respectively. c Voltage and power density versus current density at ~100% SOC. d Cycling stability of K4Fe(CN)6(0.1 M)|2,6-DPPAQ (0.1 M) RFBs assembled with sPIM-SBF-1.40 (134 µm), sPIM-SBF-1.67 (177 µm) and Nafion 115 membranes at pH 9 and a current density of 100 mA cm−2. Normalized discharge capacity data are linearly fitted to derive capacity decay rates. The operating temperature in the glovebox is around 30 °C. Schematic illustrating the crossover mechanism that dominates battery capacity decay based on e, sPIM-SBF membranes and f, Nafion 115 membranes.

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