Fig. 10: An updated model for PA polymerization.
From: A role for ascorbate conjugates of (+)-catechin in proanthocyanidin polymerization

PA extension units are denoted as “E” and PA starter units are denoted as “S”. The arrows without enzymes indicate the non-enzymatic pathway. Cys, cysteine; AsA, ascorbate. DP, degree of polymerization.