Fig. 1: Lung microbiota dysbiosis is associated with ARDS during malaria infections.

a, b Time course measurement of oxygen saturation levels (SpO₂) as determined by pulse-oximetry (Kruskal–Wallis) of C57BL/6J mice a infected with PbK173, PbANKA or non-infected (NI) controls (n = 8 per group; N = 2) or DBA/2 mice b infected with PbANKA or non-infected (NI) controls (n = 5 per group; N = 1). a, b Data are represented as mean with the bars representing s.e.m. c Time course measurement of CFUs (Kruskal–Wallis) in the lungs of C57BL/6J mice infected with PbK173 or PbANKA at day 3, 5 and 7 post infection (p.i.) and NI (n = 8 per group; N = 2). Data are represented as floating bar plots (minimum to maximum) with line at the middle representing median. d Heatmap of relative abundance of major microbial families in the lungs of C57BL/6J mice 5 days p.i. with PbK173 or PbANKA and NI (n = 8–10 per group, N = 1) is shown using a pseudo-logarithmic scale; each column represents one mouse. Each row represents a bacterial family. Rows were clustered using hierarchical clustering with Euclidean distance. e Beta diversity of lung microbial communities of C57BL/6J mice 5 days p.i. with PbK173 or PbANKA and NI (n = 8–10, N = 1). ASVs space was reduced using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) with Bray-Curtis distance. The first and second principal coordinates were plotted, as well as the variability explained by each principal coordinates (values in brackets). f, g Alpha diversity (Shannon) of lung microbial composition upon infection of C57BL/6J mice on (f) day 5 p.i with PbK173 or PbANKA and NI; g day 7 p.i with PbK173 or PbANKA and NI (n = 6–10 per group, N = 1). Data are represented as boxplots. The lower and upper hinges represent the first and third quartiles. The upper whisker extends to the largest value but no further than 1.5 * inter-quartile range (IQR). The lower whisker extends to the smallest value or most 1.5 * IQR. The Centre hinge is the second quartile. For group comparison, we used Kruskal–Wallis followed by two-sided Mann–Whitney post hoc analysis with Holm correction. h–k Differentially abundant ASVs (using Linear discriminant analysis effect size) from lungs of C57BL/6J mice (n = 6–10 per group, N = 1); h between NI and PbK173 at day 5 p.i. i Between PbANKA and PbK173 at day 5 p.i. j Between NI and PbK173 at day 7 p.i. k Between PbANKA and PbK173 at day 7 p.i. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.