Fig. 1: Phylogeny and biogeography of penguins.
From: Genomic insights into the secondary aquatic transition of penguins
a Breeding range of extant/recently-extinct penguins. Colors of circles correspond to species identities shown in subplot b, c. Note, Eudyptula novaehollandiae and Megadyptes antipodes antipodes colonized New Zealand <800 years ago, so those expanded ranges are not shown. b Total-evidence maximum clade credibility tree incorporating ancestral range estimation from BioGeoBEARS under the best-fitting model (DEC+J+X). † indicates extinct taxa. Silhouettes in cladogram indicate approximate body size. The gray rectangles at the nodes among extant penguins represent 95% confidence intervals of the corresponding estimated divergence times. Circles at the nodes are colored to indicate posterior probability: black (>0.95), gray (0.75–0.95), white (<0.75). The single most probable ancestral range is indicated at each node using squares (colors represent the ranges in d) with the exception of three key nodes (pie charts, gray represents multiple ranges). Nodes are marked with a number corresponding to potential dispersal events. Major geological events are indicated. c Densitree of 500 random RAxML gene trees, summarizing gene discordance. d Paleomaps showing major inferred dispersal vectors for penguins across the Cenozoic. Arrows show one possible biogeographic scenario interpreted from the ancestral area reconstructions. Numbers correspond to numbered nodes in b. Source data is provided as a Source Data file.
