Fig. 3: Mechanical/electrical self-healing of ionoconductors and applications in area-adjustable ionoskins.

a Cyclic stability tests of 92-AAHA-IL-based ionoconductor during 6000 initial cycles before mechanical damage and 6,000 additional cycles after being healed. The inset images represent the state of the ionoconductor during cutting and healing through the on/off state of LEDs. b Strain-dependent resistance changes (ΔR/R₀) during cut and healing cycles. The inset indicates the variation in gauge factor as a function of self-healing iterations. Error bars indicate standard deviation. c Stable IC-mediated self-healing process of 92-AAHA-IL, for which two pieces of the ionoconductor were kept under ambient conditions for up to 6 months and healed prior to the cyclic test. d Schematic illustration of various cases according to strain variation and range when applying to ionoskins. e Image of ionoskin basic unit colored blue for easy identification (top) and tracking of various finger motions (bottom). f Large-area ionoskin prepared by self-healing along the height direction (top) to monitor facial skin deformations (bottom). g Fabrication of strip-shaped ionoskin (top) and its use for detecting long-range strain variations (bottom).