Fig. 4: HIS-HEry chimeras support P. vivax sexual differentiation, gametocyte transmission to Anopheles, and sporozoite formation.

a Individual HIS-HEry infected chimeras were bitten by Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes, and sporozoite production in pooled mosquito salivary glands was assessed 14 days later. b Representative FlowFISH ImageStream profiles of salivary gland sporozoites, stained with a fluorescent marker for P. vivax circumsporozoite protein (PvCSP, green; Chanel 2 for FITC) and DAPI to visualize nuclei (Chanel 7). The composite images (right column) show colocalization of nuclei and surface PvCSP. The different samples are from: (upper row) frozen patient field blood isolates, (middle row) mosquitoes that fed on day-7 Pv1-infected HIS-HEry mice, and (bottom row) mosquitoes that fed on day-7 HIS-HEry mice infected with frozen BM isolated from day-21-infected mice (see Fig. 2b). c Plots show the mean numbers of sporozoites obtained per mosquito fed on individual mice(sporo; calculated as the total sporozoites isolated from all mosquitoes that bit each individual mouse/the total number of mosquitoes that bit that individual mouse—see Supplementary Fig. 3b), for each group of mice infected with the indicated Pv isolates. The filled dot in the Pv3 column indicates that this mouse was infected with a pool of Pv2 + Pv3. Each dot represents one individual mouse. n = 15 individual mice dispatched according the isolates used to infect. Means ± SD are: Pv1 = 21.2 ± 9.24; Pv3 = 31.1 ± 23.2; Pv4 = 20.12 ± 23.21; Pv4 = 12.37 ± 2.59. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.