Fig. 2: Population analyses of the wheat mildew populations.

a Correlation of the Geographic Distance (tens of kilometers by coordinates of the isolates) with the Genetic Distance (Simple Mismatch) using Kernel Density Estimation. In each plot, the Mantel test correlation and its p value (in bold) are shown. b Average differences within populations (ADW) diversity with simple mismatch LD-pruned SNPs (red bars), ADW diversity with simple mismatch unfiltered SNPs (orange bars), π genome-wide (average of 10 kb windows, blue bars), and Watterson’s Theta genome-wide (average of 10 kb windows, pink bars). Note that B.g. dicocci shows low relative values of simple mismatch distances for LD-pruned SNPs, which could indicate the presence of multiple distinct lineages (see Supplementary Fig. 9 for details). c Phylogenetic network constructed with NeighborNet (SplitsTree software) using simple mismatch distances and a set of 2994 SNPs. The different main groups are colored. The isolates that are not colored belong to mildew populations of Turkey, Russia, Kazakhstan, and some isolates from Israel and China that do not cluster with the main groups (additional networks using different SNP datasets are shown in Supplementary Figs. 10 and 11).