Fig. 1: Characterization and uptake of M2-targeted nanoliposomes.

a Representative illustration of nanoliposomes showing incorporation of HSPC, PAPC and PGPC phospholipid. b Typical histogram showing the size distribution of HSPC nanoliposomes (HSPC-L, HSPC:Cholesterol = 8:2), PAPC-L (PAPC:HSPC:Cholesterol = 3:5:2) and PGPC-L (PGPC:HSPC:Cholesterol = 3:5:2) obtained from dynamic light scattering method. c Typical chromatogram of lipid mixtures isolated from PAPC-L and PGPC-L, analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (uHPLC) with corona charged aerosol detector (CAD). d Stability analysis of nanoliposomes using size measurement in culture media at 37 °C during 24 h. e–g Representative fluorescent images of cellular uptake of 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine (DiI)-containing HSPC-L, PAPC-L and PGPC-L by M1 and M2 differentiated macrophages from THP-1 monocytes at t = 2 h. Blue: DAPI, Red: nanoliposomes labeled with DiI, scale bar = 50 µm. f Representative flow cytometry histograms and liposomal uptake (mean fluorescent intensity (MFI)) of HSPC-L, PAPC-L (3:5:2) or PGPC-L (3:5:2) by M1 and M2 macrophages after incubation for 2 h (left to right: ***p = 0.000037, *p = 0.012). g Liposomal uptake (MFI) of PAPC-L (2:6:2, 1:7:2) or PGPC-L (2:6:2) by M1 and M2 macrophages after incubation for 2 h (left to right: **p = 0.0013, *p = 0.031). Data represent the mean + standard error of the mean (SEM) from three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed with Multiple unpaired t-tests with correction for multiple comparisons using the Holm–Sidak’s method. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.