Fig. 2: Wide-bandgap semiconductors with non-harmful traps.

a Crystal structure and b band diagram of BiOI, showing the (0/+) transition level of iodide vacancies (V_I)¹⁶. c Crystal structure and d band diagram of BaZrS₃, showing the deep donor (0/+) and shallow acceptor (0/–) transition levels of zirconium vacancies (V_Zr)¹⁹.