Fig. 4: Forest plot showing the effect estimates for the association between the polygenic score for Alzheimer’s disease (including the APOE region) and biological measures.

Legends on the bottom of each graph indicate age tertiles. Each tertile consists of 111,656 participants, ordered by age. Effect estimates represent an SD change in the phenotype per 1 unit increase in the standardized polygenic risk score for Alzheimer’s disease. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. All statistical tests were two-sided. The UK Biobank included an age-dependent increase in the effect of the polygenic risk score on blood-based measures. This may indicate that blood-based markers may be causal in the development of Alzheimer’s disease.