Fig. 4: Characterization of rationally engineered strains overexpressing genes from the duplicated region.

a Identification of the duplicated region from next-generation sequencing data, which presented ~2× the number of sequencing reads in QP478, and complete and partial deletions of these duplicated regions in LC171 and LC173, respectively. The graphs of coverage were generated in Geneious Prime 2020.0.4. b Growth curves of QP478, LC171, and LC173 on M9 medium with 30 mM xylose. λ represents growth lag, μ_A represents absolute growth rate, and both are the average values of three independent growth curves. c Overexpressing candidate genes in reverse engineered strain LC100 at the ΔpykF site. d Growth curves of QP478, LC100, LC199 and LC224 on M9 medium with 30 mM xylose. e Maximum specific growth rates extracted from panel d. f Growth lag values extracted from panel d. g–i Profiles in shake-flask experiments of strain LC224 on M9 medium with 30 mM xylose, 30 mM glucose + 15 mM xylose, and 30 mM glucose, respectively. For shake flask experiments, % molar yield was calculated as [mM muconate/mM (glucose + xylose) × 100], and % carbon yield was calculated as [mM muconate × 6/mM (glucose × 6 + xylose × 5) × 100]. Error bars here represent the standard deviation of three biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.