Fig. 3: MPS-PVP leverages biofilm as an endogenous antigen deposit.
a 3D confocal micrographs of biofilm (live bacteria, green; dead bacteria, red). Scale bar, 100 μm. b quantitative analysis of biofilm biomass (log10 CFU per titanium plate). c SEM images of biofilm. To better visualize the biofilm, S. aureus were pseudo-colored yellow, while E. coli were pseudo-colored purple. Scale bar, 1 μm. d, f Representative flow cytometry plots and quantitative analysis of Syto9/PI staining on extracted biofilm. e, g Flow cytometric analysis of DCFH-DA stained biofilm for the detection of ROS. h Schematics of MPS-PVP for enhancing biofilm antigen expression. The experiments in a and c were repeated independently three times with similar results. b, f, g Data are mean \(\pm\) s.d. (n = 3 per group) and n represents biologically independent experiments. Two-tailed, unpaired t-test, exact p-values. Ant, antibiotics. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
