Fig. 3: The effect of moisture treatment on the morphology and structure of the wet intermediate perovskite film before annealing.
From: Moisture-triggered fast crystallization enables efficient and stable perovskite solar cells
The morphology evolution and crystallization change of the same intermediate perovskite film from pristine state to humidified state: a, b Top-view SEM images; c, d Cross-sectional SEM images; e XRD patterns. f 1H NMR spectra of DMSO-d6, the pristine intermediate perovskite film, and the humidified intermediate perovskite film. g The ratio of the relative integral area of H2O molecules and DMSO-d6 molecules from NMR results. h Schematic illustration of H2O in regulating the crystallization process.
