Fig. 1: Early viral reservoirs in systemic and lymphoid tissues in neonatal macaques intravenously infected with SIV at birth.

a Outline for infant macaque sampling and early combined retroviral therapy (cART) in the study. b Plasma viral load (PVL) in blood at necropsy at day 1 (n = 3), 2 (n = 3), 3 (n = 5), 5 (n = 2), or 7 (n = 1) and staggered blood samples at day 1 (n = 3), 3 (n = 3), or 5 (n = 1) from untreated individual neonates after early SIV infection (animals shown in Supplementary Table 2). Data are presented as the median PVL in blood samples from individual infant macaques. *p value for the comparison of median value of PVLs with 1 dpi are <0.05, which was determined by two-tailed t test. Colored symbols represent individual neonatal animals that were euthanized. Opened black symbols represent plasma viral load from staggered blood samples collected from untreated infant animals, who were euthanized at day 28 post SIV infection. c–h Total cell-associated SIV RNA (c–e) or SIV DNA (f–h) in PBMC, axillary LN and colon, collected from neonates euthanized at day 1 (n = 3), 2 (n = 3), 3 (n = 5), 5 (n = 2) or 7 (n = 1). Data are presented as scatter plot from individual infant macaques, with median value. Statistical significances were analyzed by a Mann–Whitney test. *p < 0.05, compared with 2dpi. i–m Detectable integrated SIV DNA with the days post SIV infection in PBMC, auxiliary LN, mesenteric LN, colon and tonsil in neonates. Tissue lymphocytes were collected from euthanized neonatal macaques at 1 dpi (n = 3), 2 dpi (n = 3), 3 dpi (n = 5), 5 dpi (n = 2) and 7dpi (n = 1). Cell-associated proviral DNA were measured by Alu-based nested qPCR. Data were analyzed by curve fitting using nonlinear regression. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.