Fig. 3: Concentrations of amine and α-hydroxy acid products after two-week electrolysis of glycine, alanine, and valine at –0.5∼–1.0 V on FeS and NiS at 25 °C.

Molar concentrations of methylamine (a), glycolate (b), ethylamine (c), lactate (d), isobutylamine (IBA, e), and 2-hydroxy-3- methylbutyrate (HMA, f) generated from electrolysis of glycine (a, b), alanine (c, d), and valine (e, f) under different potentials (‒0.5∼‒1.0 V vs SHE) using FeS (green lines) or NiS (orange lines) as a catalyst. See Supplementary Figs. 6 and 7 for the HPLC chromatograms of product solutions and Supplementary Figs. 8–13 for their 1H-NMR spectra. The error bars are the standard deviations associated with the repeated measurements.