Fig. 2: Modification of PVAT beiging alters vascular inflammatory response and remodeling after injury.

a EVG staining in FAs 14 days after injury of Adipo^Cre+;Prdm16 mice and Adipo^Cre−;Prdm16 (control) mice. The ratio of intima to media area (intima/media) and the % intima–medial area in the area surrounded by the external elastic lamina (area of intima–media) at 14 days after vascular injury were analyzed (Adipo^Cre−;Prdm16, n = 10; Adipo^Cre+;Prdm16, n = 13, unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test). Scale bars represent 100 μm. b Gene expression of inflammatory cytokine markers in PVAT 14 days after vascular injury in Adipo^Cre+;Prdm16 mice and Adipo^Cre−;Prdm16 (control) mice (Adipo^Cre-;Prdm16 – sham, n = 6; Adipo^Cre+;Prdm16 – sham, n = 7; Adipo^Cre-;Prdm16 – injury, n = 6; Adipo^Cre+;Prdm16 – injury, n = 6, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer post-hoc test).　c, d EVG and immunohistochemical staining for F4/80, iNOS (classically activated) and CD206 (alternatively activated) in FAs 14 days after injury in wild type mice treated with pluronic gel containing siRNA [Prdm16 or scrambled, (c)] or β3AR agonist [CL316243 or vehicle, (d)] applied to the PVAT surrounding the FA. The ratio of intima to media area (intima/media) and the % intima–medial area in the area surrounded by the external elastic lamina (area of intima–media) at 14 days after vascular injury were analyzed ((c) scrambled siRNA, n = 12; Prdm16 siRNA, n = 11, unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test, (d) vehicle, n = 11; CL316243, n = 9, unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test). The positive area of immunostaining and ratio of iNOS to CD206-positive area in arteries (vessel) or surrounding tissues (PVAT) were analyzed (c scrambled siRNA, n = 16; Prdm16 siRNA, n = 15, unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test, d vehicle, n = 11; CL316243, n = 9, unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test). Scale bars represent 100 μm. Data represent mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.