Fig. 4: In vivo antitissue adhesion properties of the superlubricated electrospun nanofibrous membranes based on rat tendon adhesion model.

a Schematic diagram showing the overall animal test process. b Photos of the harvested tendon on 14 d following implantation and H&E staining as well as Masson staining images. Scale bar: 500 µm. The black arrows point to adhesion site. M membrane. T tendon. NA no adhesion. Representative confocal laser scanning microscopic images for the immunofluorescent staining of c COL-III (scale bar: 100 µm) and d TNF-α (scale bar: 200 µm). Red color represents targeted protein and blue color represents cell nucleus. Comparison of e Adhesion score, f Adhesion area, and relative expression levels of g COL-III as well as h TNF-α for the control, Interceed, DK-film, PLA-NM, and SLNM groups, respectively. The experiments in b–d are replicated three times independently with similar results.