Fig. 4: In vivo behaviors of bacteria in mice.

a Average body weights of healthy mice injected with EC or VNP with different concentrations. Data are presented as mean values +/− SD (n = 3). b–d Ex vivo fluorescence images of major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain) of healthy mice after the intravenous injection with mCherry@EC and mCherry@VNP at the dose of ~1 × 107 CFU for 12, 24, 72, 120, and 360 h (b) and corresponding fluorescence intensity in mCherry@EC group (c) and mCherry@VNP group (d). ***p = 8.81 × 10−6 for 360 h vs. 12 h (liver), ***p = 3.28 × 10−4 for 360 h vs. 12 h (spleen) (c). ***p = 2.98 × 10−7 for 360 h vs. 12 h (liver), ***p = 9.77 × 10−6 for 360 h vs. 12 h (spleen) (d). Data are presented as mean values +/− SD (ns means no significance, n = 3). e–g Homogenates of major organs of healthy mice after intravenous injection with mCherry@EC (left) and mCherry@VNP (right) for 12, 24, 72, 120, and 360 h cultured on the solid LB agar (n = 3) (e) and corresponding quantification of bacterial colonization in mCherry@EC group (f) and mCherry@VNP group (g). ***p = 1.60 × 10−10 for liver vs. brain, **p = 9.0 × 10−3 for kidney vs. brain (f). ***p = 1.60 × 10−7 for liver vs. brain, **p = 9.30 × 10−3 for kidney vs. brain (g). Data are presented as mean values +/− SD (n = 3). All error bars represent the standard deviation determined from three independent assays. Statistical significance is calculated via one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Tukey post hoc test. Source data are provided as a Source data file.