Table 1 Technical and financial assumptions for key power system technologies used in the Indian energy transition from 2015 to 2050

From: The role of renewables for rapid transitioning of the power sector across states in India

Technology		Unit	2015/2017	2020	2025	2030	2035	2040	2045	2050	Ref
PV rooftop - residential	Capex	€/kW_el	1360	1045	842	715	622	551	496	453	⁹⁸
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	20.4	9.1	7.7	6.7	5.9	5.3	4.8	4.4
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Lifetime	years	30	30	35	35	35	40	40	40
PV rooftop - commercial	Capex	€/kW_el	1360	689	544	456	393	345	308	280	⁹⁸
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	20.4	9.1	7.7	6.7	5.9	5.3	4.8	4.4
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Lifetime	years	30	30	35	35	35	40	40	40
PV rooftop - industrial	Capex	€/kW_el	1360	512	397	329	281	245	217	197	⁹⁸
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	20.4	9.1	7.7	6.7	5.9	5.3	4.8	4.4
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Lifetime	years	30	30	35	35	35	40	40	40
PV optimally tilted	Capex	€/kW_el	733	432	336	278	237	207	184	166	^99,100,101
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	9.3	7.8	6.5	5.7	5.0	4.5	4.0	3.7
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Lifetime	years	30	30	35	35	35	40	40	40
PV single-axis tracking	Capex	€/kW_el	1150	475	370	306	261	228	202	183	^100,102
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	17.3	9.0	7.0	6.0	6.0	5.0	4.0	4.0
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Lifetime	years	30	30	35	35	35	40	40	40
Wind onshore	Capex	€/kW_el	800.0	800	783.3	767.0	749.0	749.0	749.0	749.0	^99,100
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	15.0	15.0	13	11	8.0	8.0	8.0	8.0
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Lifetime	years	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25
Hydro Reservoir/ Dam	Capex	€/kW_el	1650	1650	1650	1650	1650	1650	1650	1650	¹⁰³
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	49.5	49.5	49.5	49.5	49.5	49.5	49.5	49.5
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003
	Lifetime	years	50	50	50	50	50	50	50	50
Hydro Run-of-River	Capex	€/kW_el	2560	2560	2560	2560	2560	2560	2560	2560	¹⁰³
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	76.8	76.8	76.8	76.8	76.8	76.8	76.8	76.8
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0.005	0.005	0.005	0.005	0.005	0.005	0.005	0.005
	Lifetime	years	50	50	50	50	50	50	50	50
Coal Power Plant	Capex	€/(kW_el)	867	934	1045	1156	1267	1378	1489	1600	¹⁰⁴
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	24.0	23.6	23.0	22.4	21.8	21.2	20.6	20.0
	Opex var	€/(kWh)	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001
	Efficiency	%	32	42	42	42	43	43	43	43
	Lifetime	years	40	40	40	40	40	40	40	40
Nuclear Power Plant	Capex	€/(kW_el)	4511	4571	4672	4773	4874	4974	5075	5175	^105,106,107
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	85.0	86.1	88.0	83.0	84.8	79.3	80.9	78.8
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003
	Efficiency	%	34	34	34	35	35	35	35	35
	Lifetime	years	40	40	40	40	40	40	40	40
CCGT	Capex	€/(kW_el)	623	637	660	683	706	729	752	775	^104,108
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	23.44	23.1	22.5	21.9	21.3	20.7	20	19.375
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Efficiency	%	52.2	52.2	52.2	52.2	53.1	54	54	54
	Lifetime	years	35	35	35	35	35	35	35	35
OCGT HD	Capex	€/(kW_el)	450	445	440	435	430	425	420	415	^104,108
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	23.4	11.3	10.6	9.9	9.2	8.5	7.8	7.1
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Efficiency	%	28	30	33	35	38	40	43	45
	Lifetime	years	35	35	35	35	35	35	35	35
Open cycle Aeroderivative	Capex	€/(kW_el)	550	540	530	520	510	500	490	480
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	11.3	11.3	10.6	9.9	9.2	8.5	7.8	7.1
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Efficiency	%	0.39	0.40	0.42	0.42	0.43	0.44	0.45	0.45
	Lifetime	years	35	35	35	35	35	35	35	35
RECIP oil based	Capex	€/(kW_el)	385	385	385	385	385	385	385	385	¹⁰⁹
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Efficiency	%	28	28	28	28	29	29	30	30
	Lifetime	years	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
RECIP Gas	Capex	€/(kW_el)	578.5	569.0	553.0	537.0	522.0	506.0	491.0	475.0
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	15.3	15.3	14.6	13.9	13.2	12.5	11.8	11.1
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Efficiency	%	0.47	0.48	0.48	0.49	0.49	0.50	0.50	0.51
	Lifetime	years	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30
Biomass Power Plant	Capex	€/(kW_el)	760.0	857	1019	1181	1343	1505	1668	1830	^99,100
	Opex fix	€/(kW_el a)	53.3	51.5	48.4	45.3	42.2	39.1	36	32.9
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.004
	Efficiency	%	35	36	37	37	38	38	39	39
	Lifetime	years	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25
Battery storage	Capex	€/kWh_el	400	270	182	134	108	92	78	70	⁹⁸
	Opex fix	€/(kWh_el a)	24.0	9.0	5.0	3.8	3.0	2.5	2.1	1.9
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Efficiency	%	90	91	92	93	94	95	95	95
	Lifetime	years	15	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES)	Capex	€/kWh_el	89.0	89.0	89.0	89.0	89.0	89.0	89.0	89.0
	Opex fix	€/(kWh_el a)	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
	Opex var	€/(kWh_el)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Efficiency	%	85	85	85	85	85	85	85	85
	Self-discharge	%/h	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Lifetime	years	50	50	50	50	50	50	50	50

Selected technologies are listed. Further technologies can be found in the Supplementary Information Table 1.

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Table 1 Technical and financial assumptions for key power system technologies used in the Indian energy transition from 2015 to 2050

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